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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 118: e230071, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1514607

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) is commonly found in South American Leishmania parasites belonging to the subgenus Viannia, whereas Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) was previously thought to be restricted to the Old-World pathogens of the subgenus Leishmania. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the presence of LRV2 in strains of Leishmania (L.) infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), originating from different hosts, clinical forms, and geographical regions. METHODS A total of seventy-one isolates were screened for LRV2 using semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. FINDINGS We detected LRV2 in two L. infantum isolates (CUR268 and HP-EMO) from canine and human cases, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detection of LRV2 in the New World.

2.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e190524, fev. 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1380228

ABSTRACT

Leishmaniases comprise a spectrum of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, with some species of rodents being incriminated as reservoirs. The capybara is the largest extant rodent species in the world and is widely distributed in South America. The occurrence of infection by Leishmania spp. was investigated in capybaras captured in Brazil during 2015­2019 from established populations in five highly anthropic areas of the state of São Paulo and two natural areas of the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. A total of 186 individuals were captured and subjected to abdominal skin biopsy. All skin samples were Leishmania kDNA-negative, suggesting that capybaras have no role in the transmission cycles of Leishmania species in the studied areas despite the well-known role of other rodents in the life cycle of Leishmania spp.(AU)


As leishmanioses compreendem um espectro de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e algumas espécies de roedores são incriminadas como reservatórios de Leishmania spp. As capivaras compreendem a maior espécie de roedores existentes e são amplamente distribuídas na América do Sul. Para investigar a ocorrência de infecção por Leishmania spp. em capivaras, durante os anos de 2015-2019 capivaras foram capturadas em cinco áreas antrópicas do estado de São Paulo e em duas áreas naturais dos estados do Mato Grosso e do Mato Grosso do Sul, todos esses ambientes com populações de capivaras estabelecidas. Um total de 186 indivíduos foram capturados e submetidos à biópsia de pele abdominal. Todas as amostras de pele foram negativas para o alvo kDNA, assim, os dados sugerem que nas áreas estudadas as capivaras não têm papel no ciclo de transmissão de espécies de Leishmania spp., apesar do papel bem conhecido de outros roedores no ciclo de vida de Leishmania spp.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Protozoan Infections, Animal/diagnosis , Rodentia/microbiology , Leishmaniasis/diagnosis , Skin/microbiology , Biopsy/instrumentation , Brazil , DNA, Kinetoplast/analysis , Leishmania/genetics
3.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 40(2): 107-112, Feb. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1098443

ABSTRACT

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding, and it is distributed in the five geographic regions of Brazil, with the Northeast being the region that presents the most significant number of registered cases. The main urban reservoir of the etiological agent of VL is the domestic dog, and it is known that canine cases precede human cases. One of the control actions of VL, recommended by the Ministry of Health, is performing the euthanasia of seropositive dogs. In 2013, in the municipality of Iguatama/MG, the first canine serological survey was carried out in the city, with a prevalence of 8.3% of seropositive dogs for Leishmania infantum. Of the seropositive animals for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) in this survey, 84% were euthanized, and 16% died within two years after diagnosis. No other control measures for CVL were taken in the municipality. The objectives of the present study were to determine the current prevalence of seropositive dogs for CVL in the municipality of Iguatama and to observe the impact of euthanasia of seropositive dogs to VL as the only control measure performed in this municipality, which is considered an enzootic area of the disease. For this, a new canine epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipality of Iguatama, following the guidelines of the Manual of Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Blood samples were collected from 270 dogs and tested by DPP® immunochromatographic test and by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The animals that presented inconclusive results had new blood samples collected and analyzed. The only animal that showed a positive result in DPP® and undetermined in the ELISA, in the first evaluation, became seropositive four months later, so this study reinforces the recommendation of the Ministry of Health to reassess dogs that present inconclusive results for CVL. From a total of 270 samples, 21 (7.8%) were reagents in both tests. Thus, the prevalence of seropositive dogs for CVL, in 2017, in the urban area of the municipality of Iguatama was 7.8%. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) molecular technique confirmed infection by L. infantum in the ten dogs sampled with CVL-positive serology. The comparison between the current prevalence (after euthanasia) with that found in 2013 (8.3%), there was no significant difference (p=0.764). The prevalence of CVL in the urban area of the municipality of Iguatama is still high, making it possible to presume that the euthanasia of seropositive dogs for CVL, and the absence of monitoring or other interventions measures, did not contribute to decrease the transmission of the parasite and was not sufficient for the control of CVL in the municipality of Iguatama, an area considered as non-endemic to CVL until 2013.(AU)


A Leishmaniose visceral humana (LV) está em franca expansão e distribuída nas cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil, o Nordeste sendo a região em que há o maior número de casos registrados. O principal reservatório urbano do agente etiológico da LV é o cão doméstico e sabe-se que casos caninos antecedem o aparecimento de casos humanos. Uma das ações de controle da LV, preconizada pelo Ministério da Saúde, é a eutanásia dos cães soro reagentes. Em 2013, no município de Iguatama/MG, foi realizado o primeiro inquérito sorológico canino na cidade, sendo constatada uma prevalência de 8,3% de cães soro reagentes para Leishmania infantum. Dos animais com sorologia positiva para Leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), neste inquérito, 84% foram eutanasiados e 16% foram a óbito em, no máximo, dois anos após o diagnóstico. Nenhuma outra medida de controle para LVC foi realizada no município. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar a prevalência atual de cães soro reagentes para LVC no município de Iguatama e observar o impacto das eutanásias de cães soro reagentes para LV como única medida de controle realizada neste município, considerado área enzoótica para a doença. Para isso, foi realizado um novo inquérito epidemiológico canino no município de Iguatama, seguindo as normas do Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de 270 cães que foram examinadas pelo teste imunocromatográfico DPP® e pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os animais que apresentaram resultados inconclusivos tiveram novas amostras de sangue coletadas e analisadas. O único animal que apresentou resultado positivo no DPP® e indeterminado no ELISA, na primeira avaliação, soro converteu quatro meses depois, o que reforça a recomendação do Ministério da Saúde de reavaliar os cães que apresentam resultado inconclusivo para LVC. Do total das 270 amostras, 21 foram reagentes nos dois testes. Portanto, a prevalência de cães soro reagentes para LVC, em 2017, na área urbana do município de Iguatama foi igual a 7,8%. A infecção pela espécie Leishmania infantum foi confirmada através da técnica molecular de PCR-RFLP em 10 cães amostrados com sorologia positiva para LVC. A comparação entre a prevalência atual (depois das eutanásias) com a encontrada em 2013 (8,3%), não mostrou diferença significativa (p=0,764). Uma vez que a soro prevalência de LVC na área urbana do município de Iguatama ainda é alta, pode-se supor que a eutanásia dos cães soro reagentes para LVC, somada à ausência de monitoramento e de outras medidas de intervenção, não contribuiu para a diminuição da transmissão do parasito, e não foi suficiente para o controle de LVC no município de Iguatama, uma área considerada, até 2013, indene para LVC.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control , Euthanasia, Animal
4.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(2): e003520, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138090

ABSTRACT

Abstract Blood samples and swabs from ocular conjunctiva and mouth were obtained from 64 cats. Of 64 serum samples, 19 were positive for Leishmania antibodies by ELISA (29.80%). Eight cats were positive by PCR (12.5%) in swab samples from mouth and/or ocular mucosa. Poor kappa agreement between serological and molecular results (k = 0.16) was obtained. From five positive PCR samples one was L. braziliensis and four were L. infantum. Phylogenetic analysis performed with the five isolates of Leishmania, showed that samples of L. infantum isolated from the cats were phylogenetically close to those isolated from domestic dogs in Brazil, while the L. braziliensis is very similar to the one described in humans in Venezuela. The study demonstrated that, despite high seropositivity for Leishmania in cats living in the study region, poor agreement between serological and molecular results indicate that positive serology is not indicative of Leishmania infection in cats. Parasite DNA can be detected in ocular conjunctiva and oral swabs from cats, indicating that such samples could be used for diagnosis. Results of phylogenetic analyzes show that L. infantum circulating in Brazil is capable of infecting different hosts, demonstrating the parasite's ability to overcome the interspecies barrier.


Resumo Amostras de sangue e swabs da conjuntiva ocular e oral foram obtidas de 64 gatos. Das 64 amostras de soro, 19 foram positivas para anticorpos contra Leishmania por ELISA (29,80%). Oito gatos foram positivos por PCR (12,5%) em amostras de swab da boca e / ou mucosa ocular. Demonstrou-se baixa concordância kappa entre os resultados sorológicos e moleculares (k = 0,16). Das cinco amostras positivas para PCR, uma era L. braziliensis e quatro eram L infantum. A análise filogenética realizada com os cinco isolados de Leishmania, mostrou que amostras de L. infantum, isoladas dos gatos, eram filogeneticamente próximas às isoladas de cães domésticos do Brasil enquanto L. braziliensis era muito semelhante ao descrito em humanos na Venezuela. O estudo demonstrou que, apesar da alta soropositividade para Leishmania, em gatos que vivem na região do estudo, pouca concordância entre os resultados sorológicos e moleculares indica que a sorologia positiva não é indicativa de infecção por Leishmania em gatos. O DNA do parasita pode ser detectado na conjuntiva ocular e nas zaragatoas orais de gatos, indicando que essas amostras podem ser usadas para o diagnóstico. . Resultados de análises filogenéticas mostram que L. infantum, circulando no Brasil, é capaz de infectar diferentes hospedeiros, demonstrando a capacidade do parasita de superar a barreira interespécies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Leishmaniasis/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Phylogeny , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Leishmania braziliensis/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , DNA, Protozoan/analysis , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmania infantum/immunology
5.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 114: e190111, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1020081

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND In addition to the limited therapeutic arsenal and the side effects of antileishmanial agents, drug resistance hinders disease control. In Brazil, Leishmania braziliensis causes atypical (AT) tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions, frequently refractory to treatment. OBJECTIVES The main goal of this study was to characterise antimony (Sb)-resistant (SbR) L. braziliensis strains obtained from patients living in Xakriabá indigenous community, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS The aquaglyceroporin 1-encoding gene (AQP1) from L. braziliensis clinical isolates was sequenced, and its function was evaluated by hypo-osmotic shock. mRNA levels of genes associated with Sb resistance were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Atomic absorption was used to measure Sb uptake. FINDINGS Although clinical isolates presented delayed recovery time in hypo-osmotic shock, AQP1 function was maintained. Isolate 340 accumulated less Sb than all other isolates, supporting the 65-fold downregulation of AQP1 mRNA levels. Both 330 and 340 isolates upregulated antimony resistance marker (ARM) 56/ARM58 and multidrug resistant protein A (MRPA); however, only ARM58 upregulation was an exclusive feature of SbR field isolates. CA7AE seemed to increase drug uptake in L. braziliensis and represented a tool to study the role of glycoconjugates in Sb transport. MAIN CONCLUSIONS There is a clear correlation between ARM56/58 upregulation and Sb resistance in AT-harbouring patients, suggesting the use of these markers as potential indicators to help the treatment choice and outcome, preventing therapeutic failure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Drug Resistance/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Aquaglyceroporins/metabolism , Antimony/pharmacology , Drug Resistance/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
6.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 27(4): 570-574, Oct.-Dec. 2018.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042488

ABSTRACT

Abstract The role of cats in the epidemiological cycle of leishmaniasis remains unclear. To better understand the occurrence of leishmaniasis in cats, we studied the frequency of Leishmania in serum samples of 100 cats living in an endemic region for canine and human leishmaniasis by serological, parasitological, and molecular methods. Of the 100 cats, 54 were seropositive for Leishmania antibodies by immunofluorescence antibody test. None of the bone marrow aspirates collected from these cats tested positive for the parasite in culture or upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Biopsy samples of the ears also tested negative for Leishmania upon PCR analysis. These findings may indicate that the region is endemic for canine leishmaniasis and cats are infected by Leishmania; or that cross-reaction with antibodies against other parasites increases the frequency of seropositivity; or that cats respond to Leishmania infection by producing antibodies when few or no parasites are present in bone marrow and tissue samples. Overall, our results suggest that cats can be infected by Leishmania ; however, we failed to demonstrate feline parasitosis. These findings highlight the need to study leishmaniasis in cats, since sandflies feed on cats, these animals may act as a reservoir for the parasite.


Resumo O papel dos gatos no ciclo epidemiológico da leishmaniose ainda não está claro. Para entender melhor a ocorrência de leishmaniose em gatos, estudou-se a frequência de Leishmania em amostras de soro de 100 gatos, os quais vivem em uma região endêmica para leishmaniose canina e humana, por métodos sorológicos, parasitológicos e moleculares. Dos 100 gatos, 54 foram soropositivos para anticorpos de Leishmania por teste de anticorpos de imunofluorescência. Nenhum dos aspirados de medula óssea coletados desses gatos mostrou-se positivo para o parasita em cultura, ou após a realização da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Amostras de biópsia das orelhas também foram negativas para Leishmania submetidas a PCR. Esses achados indicam que na região estudada endêmica para leishmaniose canina, os gatos podem se infectar por Leishmania; ou que a reação cruzada com anticorpos contra outros parasitas aumenta a frequência de soropositividade; ou que os gatos respondem à infecção por Leishmania produzindo anticorpos quando poucos ou nenhum parasita estão presentes na medula óssea e em amostras de tecido. Em geral, os resultados sugerem que os gatos podem ser estar infectados por Leishmania spp. No entanto, não foi possível demonstrar parasitismo felino. Essas descobertas evidenciam a necessidade de estudar a leishmaniose em gatos, uma vez que, como os flebotomíneos se alimentam em gatos, e esses animais podem atuar como um reservatório para o parasita.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Endemic Diseases , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
7.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 112(4): 309-318, Apr. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841787

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Leishmaniases are a serious health problem in southeast Brazil, including the city of Belo Horizonte (BH), Minas Gerais state (MG), where there are high rates of incidence and mortality due to visceral leishmaniases. BH is divided into nine sanitary districts (SD) of which one, the Venda Nova SD, was selected for this study because it has high rates of positivity for canine leishmaniasis and high incidence of human leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to survey the sand fly fauna in Venda Nova SD from August 2011 to July 2013 and perform a descriptive analysis of the vector population. METHODS The sampling was carried out using automatic HP light traps at all covered areas of the Venda Nova SD, in a total of eighteen light traps. Sampled specimens were identified following Galati (2003), and females were submitted to molecular techniques for the detection and identification of Leishmania DNA. A simple environmental description was done for it area and Kernel estimation was used to infer vector density for each study site. FINDINGS A total of 2,427 sand fly specimens belonging to eight species and five genera were collected of which 95.3% were Lutzomyia longipalpis. The seasonal variation curve was delineated by this species. Lu. longipalpis was the most abundant at all collection points and in all months of the study, and exhibited a natural infection rate of 1.01% for Leishmania infantum and 1.77% for Leishmania braziliensis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results show the presence and adaptation of Lu. longipalpis to the anthropic environment of BH and reinforces its role as the main vector of L. infantum in the region.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Dogs , Psychodidae/classification , Psychodidae/parasitology , Leishmaniasis/transmission , DNA, Protozoan/analysis , Insect Vectors/classification , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmania/classification , Leishmania/genetics , Seasons , Brazil , Population Density
8.
Saúde Soc ; 23(3): 1033-1048, Jul-Sep/2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-725837

ABSTRACT

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) é uma doença infecciosa em expansão na comunidade indígena Xakriabá, localizada no Norte de Minas Gerais, devido às suas características ambientais e condições precárias. Sua importância como problema de saúde pública entre esses indígenas reside não apenas na elevada incidência, como também nos transtornos que ocasiona à vida dos indivíduos afetados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar imagens, ideias, concepções, atitudes e condições relacionadas às práticas de prevenção e cuidado da LTA na comunidade Xakriabá. Foram realizadas entrevistas com lideranças indígenas, profissionais de saúde, gestores do campo da saúde e educação; grupos focais com profissionais de saúde e educação, além de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde. As falas foram gravadas mediante assinatura de um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. As gravações foram transcritas e analisadas segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. A partir do conteúdo apreendido das falas definiram-se as seguintes categorias: imagens, ideias e concepções acerca da doença; compreensão sobre elementos do ciclo da doença; aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais que dificultam a sua prevenção. Evidenciou-se que a prevenção e o controle da LTA na Aldeia Indígena Xakriabá não é um problema simples de ser solucionado. Assim, ações educativas constituem importantes ferramentas para a compreensão da doença, bem como formulação e implementação de estratégias de prevenção. Portanto, é de suma importância, antes de qualquer intervenção na comunidade, a apreensão das concepções, imagens e ideias que essa população tem acerca da LTA, para então, com ela, construir estratégias de controle e prevenção...


American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is an infectious disease expanding in Xakriabá indigenous community, located in northern Minas Gerais. The ACL is a important public health problem due to poor living conditions of indigenous, high incidence and disorders that causes the life of affected individuals. This study aimed to identify the images, ideas, conceptions, attitudes and conditions related to practices of prevention and care of ACL in the indigenous community Xakriabá. This is an action research qualitative approach. Interviews were conducted with: indigenous leaders, health professionals, managers in the field of health and education; Focus groups were conducted with: health professionals and education, as well as users of the Unified Health System. Speeches were recorded by signature a Letter of Consent. The recordings were transcribed and analyzed using the technique of content analysis. The content seized from the speeches outlined the following categories: images, ideas and conceptions about the disease; understanding of the elements disease cycle; socioeconomic and cultural aspects that hinder prevention. It was evident that the prevention and control of ACL in Indian Village Xakriabá is not a simple problem to be solved. Thus, educational activities are important tools for understanding the disease, formulation and implementation of prevention strategies. Therefore, it is important apprehension about the conceptions, images and ideas that people have about the disease, before any intervention in the community, in order to create control and prevention strategies together with them...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Informed Consent , Health Education , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control , Community Participation , Sanitary Profiles , Health Personnel , Indigenous Peoples , Cultural Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Risk Factors , Research , Unified Health System
9.
Cad. saúde pública ; 27(3): 603-607, mar. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-582621

ABSTRACT

The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of the local canine population in the Krenak indigenous community to detect parasites of the genus Leishmania and identify the circulating species and the proportion of asymptomatic dogs, while investigating associations between canine infection and the dogs' sex, age, and hair length. A seroepidemiological survey was performed, including 63 dogs. All the animals underwent clinical examination to verify the presence of characteristic signs, and serum samples were taken for serological tests (ELISA, IIF). Infected dogs culled by the health service were necropsied and the material was analyzed using molecular diagnostic techniques. The cross-sectional study detected a 46 percent prevalence rate, and the circulating species was Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The statistical analysis showed no association between infection and the independent variables. The study generated data on the epidemiological situation with canine infection in the area, which was previously unknown.


Foi realizado um estudo seccional para detectar, na população canina, a presença de parasitos do gênero Leishmania e a espécie circulante, a proporção de cães assintomáticos, investigando concomitantemente a existência de associações entre a infecção canina e as variáveis: sexo, idade e tipo de pelo dos cães. Para o estudo seccional, foi realizado um inquérito censitário, que avaliou 63 cães. Todos passaram por uma avaliação clínica para verificar a presença de sintomas característicos da infecção; amostras de soro foram coletadas para os testes sorológicos (ELISA, RIFI). Os cães positivos retirados pelo serviço de saúde foram necropsiados, e o material, analisado pelas técnicas de diagnóstico molecular. O estudo seccional realizado detectou uma prevalência de 46 por cento, sendo a espécie circulante a Leishmania (L.) chagasi. A análise estatística não detectou nenhuma associação entre infecção e as variáveis investigadas. Este estudo possibilitou a geração de dados sobre a situação epidemiológica da infecção canina na área, o que antes era desconhecido.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Dog Diseases , Endemic Diseases , Indians, South American/statistics & numerical data , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Seroepidemiologic Studies
10.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 7(3): 338-349, set. 2004.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-394917

ABSTRACT

No Brasil, a importância da leishamniose visceral reside não somente na sua alta incidência e ampla distribuição, mas também na possibilidade de assumir formas graves e letais quando associada ao quadro de má nutrição e infecções concomitantes. A crescente urbanização da doença ocorrida nos últimos 20 anos coloca em pauta a discussão das estratégias de controle empregadas. Neste artigo foram analisados os principais aspectos biológicos, ambientais e sociais que influenciaram no processo de expansão e urbanização dos focos da doença. Os métodos disponíveis para o diagnóstico e tratamento não apresentaram a eficácia e aplicabilidade desejadas, embora avanços promissores tenham sido alcançados com as pesquisas de novos testes diagnósticos e drogas terapêuticas. As medidas de controle da doença até agora implementadas foram incapazes de eliminar a transmissão e impedir a ocorrência de novas epidemias. É feita uma breve análise destas medidas e dos desafios a serem enfrentados. A prevenção da doença nos cães através da imunoprofilaxia aparece como uma alternativa para o controle. Uma nova vacina para cães, já testada em campo, está sendo industrializada e será comercializada no Brasil a partir de 2004. Apesar da existência de inúmeros estudos sobre a leishmaniose visceral humana e canina, muitas lacunas ainda precisam ser preenchidas.


Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
11.
Genet. mol. res. (Online) ; 3(2): 251-27, jun. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-387951

ABSTRACT

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a simple, rapid procedure that has been adapted for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. In the present study, 85 blood samples and seven bone marrow aspirates from 85 patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of visceral leishmaniasis from the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais were screened using molecular and serological techniques. Samples that were negative (N = 12) and positive (N = 19) in parasitological and serological tests were used as controls. Of the 85 samples analyzed by PCR, 61 (71.7%) showed the expected amplification products in agarose gels. However, when the technique was combined with molecular hybridization, 72 samples (83.5%) gave a positive signal on film. Nineteen patients with Leishmania parasites in bone marrow cultures (positive controls) showed PCR hybridization in whole-blood samples, as did the seven bone marrow aspirates positive for Leishmania. None of the negative controls reacted in PCR or in an indirect immunofluorescent assay. These results indicate that PCR could replace the conventional parasitological examination in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis since it provides very satisfactory results with blood samples spotted on filter paper.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Bone Marrow , Case-Control Studies , DNA, Protozoan , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Filtration , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Leishmania infantum , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Paper , Sensitivity and Specificity , Urban Population
12.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 35(6): 551-562, nov.-dez. 2002. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-340051

ABSTRACT

Neste estudo, descrevemos etapas iniciais de padronizaçäo de uma nova metodologia para detecçäo de anticorpos antipromastigotas vivas de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, pela citometria de fluxo e a análise de sua aplicabilidade para estudos clínicos. Foram avaliados 39 indivíduos com sorologia convencional (RIFI) positiva para leishmaniose, classificados quanto à ausência/presença de lesäo (L- e L+). Os resultados foram expressos sob a forma de percentual de parasitas fluorescentes positivos (PPFP). A análise dos dados, na diluiçäo 1:1.024, permitiu distinguir 95 por cento dos pacientes L+ como um grupo de alta reatividade (PPFP>50 por cento) e 72 por cento dos indivíduos L- como um grupo de baixa reatividade (PPFP<=50 por cento). A análise dos títulos da reaçäo de imunofluorescência indireta näo demonstrou nenhuma relaçäo com a ausência/presença de lesäo. Em conjunto, nossos dados sugerem a aplicabilidade da citometria de fluxo na identificaçäo dos casos de infecçäo ativa, o que näo tem sido possível através das reaçöes sorológicas convencionais


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Flow Cytometry/methods , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Leishmania braziliensis/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Analysis of Variance , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
13.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 44(3): 145-149, 2002. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-314542

ABSTRACT

The current article reports the case of a 19-month-old-girl, from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with visceral leishmaniasis, by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection. The child's mother and father, aged 22 and 27 years old, respectively, were both HIV positive. The child was admitted to the General Pediatric Center, in Belo Horizonte, presenting high fever, fatigue, weight loss and enlargement of liver and spleen. Indirect immunofluorescent test revealed a titer of 1:320 for Leishmania. Such result was confirmed by the presence of amastigotes in bone marrow aspirate samples and culture of promastigote forms. Parasites were identified as being Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis through PCR, using a L. braziliensis complex primer and a generic primer, followed by hibridization. Specific leishmaniasis therapy (Glucantimeomicron antimonial) was intravenously administered


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Female , Infant , HIV Infections , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Antibodies, Protozoan , HIV Infections , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rabbits
16.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 86(4): 399-404, Oct.-Dec. 1991. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-109140

ABSTRACT

The effect of deltamethrin of the sandfly population in a focus of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Viana, Espírito Santo State is desvribed. The phlebotomine population density was determined inside and outside houses during a one year period in a treated and untreated area. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of sandflies inside houses in the treated area compared with both the untreated area and the same area before sparying. Despite having a residual action for 12 months after spraying the insecticide was ineffective outside houses. It is concluded therefore that deltamethrin is an efficient insecticide for reducing the number of phlebotomine sandflies inside houses


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Insect Control , Leishmaniasis/prevention & control , Psychodidae , Pyrethrins , Brazil , Population Density
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